diary · israel

Reflections on the experience of watching NAZA


“We don’t have to go if you don’t want to.”

“I know. I want to go. Do you want to go?”

“I want to go.”

My husband and I are egging each other on to watch NAZA at the Barbican. We are not looking forward to it, but it’s something we have to do.

We know the format already. Israeli soldiers sit atop Tel Aviv buildings and give testimonies to war crimes.

We know the content already. We are subscribers to +972 Magazine and read the Guardian. I have read the reports by Breaking the Silence and Btzelem. We watch the news. We know what the Israeli government says publicly, brazenly, about itself, its actions, its intentions.

We know the route already. Two trains and a short walk. We do it so often we joke about deja vu.

On the way, we talk about who we might see there. People we knew from Jewish youth movements. People active in Progressive Judaism today. Jewish socialists. Jews involved in Palestine solidarity. “The same crowd as a fundraiser,” we joke. We are reassuring each other. We won’t be alone.

Upon arrival, we soon realise we have not accurately guessed the audience. We don’t recognise anyone. Nobody else is wearing kippah or visibly Jewish. There are one or two keffiyehs, but worn in the stylish way of London artists, not the practical way of Palestinian farmers.

London artists. That’s the crowd. The kinds of people who come to any interesting film the Barbican puts on. Culture vultures and curious spectators. We could just as easily be at an art house.

They bring in their glasses of red wine and boxes of popcorn.

We are watching war crimes testimonials.

I think about when I first knew what a war crime was. I didn’t have the vocabulary, then. When, as an infant, I first saw numbers tattooed on Jews’ arms. When, at primary school, child refugees arrived from Kosovo. When, at secondary school, I protested against invading Afghanistan and Iraq.

I think about when I first knew that Israel had committed a war crime. When, while I was at university, they released white phosphorus on Gaza.

A generation of my family were killed in a genocide. I wonder how many people in this room understand what that feels like. I wonder if any of them know what it means to carry genocide in your family history; in your internal narrative; in your DNA. It is more than mass murder. It is the systematic effort to erase everyone who looks like you, thinks like you, prays like you, talks like you, is anything in any way like you.

Despite my best efforts to build Jewish community based on pride and joy, genocide is an inescapable part of my story; and so of my experience of the world.

We will remember the burden of being an almost-destroyed people. I read these words annually in the Progressive Jewish liturgy.

It carries a great weight. To keep the way of life alive that the Nazis almost destroyed. To refuse to be conquered. To uphold the highest moral ideals to which our ancestors strived, so that not only Jews will keep on living, but Judaism will too.

I hear the click and fizz of people opening their drinks.

I wonder if any of them have ever before considered how easy it is to follow orders. How easy it is to do banal things that unalterably change history for hundreds of thousands of people. Or even to do something unspeakable that changes history for just one person.

How easy it is to watch war crimes with popcorn.

Each of the war crimes testimonials from the soldiers reinforces the others. They tell the same story, again and again, from different angles. The use of AI to decide which buildings to collapse. The number of civilian deaths permitted in every military strike. The orders to shoot anyone who walked beyond the perimeter or tried to cut cues to get food. Each is an individual confession to a war crime; and each paints a picture of something more sinister, more planned, more awful.

There is a reason this film is banned in Israel and the documentary-makers have gone into hiding. There is a reason Netanyahu does not want people to see this.

The soldiers are younger than us, by maybe 10 or 15 years. They are educated, middle-class, urban. They are like us. I suspect plenty of them carry the same genetic memory of genocide that I do, albeit a generation or two more removed.

Never again was the clarion cry. Never again would this happen to us. Never again would this happen to anyone.

I wonder if any of the other people in this room have considered that their people might also commit atrocities. That the propensity to carry out mass murder is not based on your religion, or your race, or your nationality. Most of them will call themselves British. I wonder how often they consider how many unspeakable acts have been carried out by people carrying that nationality, that flag, that passport. I wonder if they have ever really reckoned with how much cruelty human beings can inflict, and how much they can have inflicted on them.

We tell ourselves we have done the right things. Fundraised. Protested. Joined protective presence. Talked to our MPs.

In truth, we have been morally lucky. None of us really know what we are capable of resisting until we are instructed to commit war crimes and know the price if we do not.

After the Holocaust, taught Rabbi Albert Friedlander, we can never again teach a theology that we could not also justify to a million murdered Jewish children.

And now we have to justify Judaism to the thousands dead of Gaza.

And now we have to keep the Jewish story and way of life alive so that the Nazis did not destroy us entirely. And now we have to live with the memories of all those Palestinians.

And it isn’t over. There are no guarantees which peoples, if any, will survive to see the 22nd Century. There are almost certainly more massacres to come. We can say with some surety that some will involve Jews, and some will involve Palestinians. The Israelis are still bombing Gaza now.

The lights go up. The credits roll. We are back among the London artists at the Barbican. People exit around us. We remain seated. People file out. They walk past us and climb over us. We are the last there, attached to our chairs. The last of the credits arrive.

I nudge my husband and point to the screen. Someone I know from the Jewish left helped make the film. My husband knows his sister from youth movements.

We walk home in near silence.

“I don’t think there’s much to say,” my husband says. “What did we expect?”

festivals · theology

We are still leaving Egypt

We are still leaving Egypt.

There was a time when we lived at the whim of tyrants; when we worked without a break and only rested so we could work more; when we owned nothing but debts. 

There was a time when we lived in mitzrayim. Today, we translate that word as ‘Egypt,’ fixing it to a specific time and place. 

Our Torah does not permit us to read the story as if from a history textbook. Which Egypt were we living in? What were its borders? In which century did it take place? Who was the Pharaoh?

In Torah, all Pharaohs are simply called Pharaoh. To the migrant labourers and the chattel slaves of the ancient world, it made no difference whether the emperor was Ramses, Amenhotep or Cleopatra. As far as their lives were concerned, each century was broadly the same.

We want to imagine that this place is miles away from here and centuries apart from now. We want to draw a line to divide ourselves from the past.

The word for Egypt – mitzrayim – means ‘narrow, oppressive straits.’ It means places of anguish and control. That place does not have fixed borders between Sudan and the Mediterranean sea. It is a place we have all inhabited. It is a place we all still inhabit.

At Pesach, we are commanded to tell the story of the Exodus as if we ourselves had lived it. The haggadah instructs us to recall the events as if they are part of our collective experience. 

It is not just so that we can remember the bitterness of slavery in the taste of maror, or the tears of persecution in our salt water. This is far more than bringing a story to life. 

It is so that we will understand that Egypt was not simply one place and time. It is any place and time in which people are not free. And because it is any place and time, it is every place and time.

We must understand that we really were slaves in Egypt. We must believe, deep within the sinews of our bodies, that we are still there.

Because if we can remember how we were oppressed, we will remember that we were able to free ourselves. 

We will feel the strength and joy that comes from rising up and leaving constricting spaces. It is so that we will feel empowered to do it again. We must still leave Egypt.

The seder is a process of embodied retelling to help us understand that message.

Yes, in the first half of the seder, we read that we were slaves in the land of Egypt. But, in the second, we invoke Messianic redemption. 

When our plates are cleared and the afikoman has been retrieved and the dinner is done, we turn back to our haggadahs and complete our seder. 

We pour out a fifth glass of wine, open the door, and implore the prophet Elijah to return and finally bring us to freedom. We acknowledge that the struggle is not yet complete. We still have to leave the Egypts of our era.

As the seder concludes, we lift our glasses and promise: “next year in Jerusalem!”

Please do not mistake this toast for a tourism brochure. We are not praying for cheap easyJet tickets to Tel Aviv. The Jerusalem we hope to reach next year is miles away from the one in Israel today. 

Our fellow Reform Jews in Israel are still very much in exile, and crying out to leave their own narrow straits. If the Jerusalem in the contemporary Levant were the one we were reaching for, Judaism would be over. History would be complete, and so would the sacred purpose of the Jews.

If that were Jerusalem, the ultimate Jerusalem, we would have to say that we are satisfied with segregation, militarism, and fanaticism. 

But we are not. 

We are not in Jerusalem until the whole world knows unending freedom. Until there is no more oppression, we are all in Egypt.

We British Jews are still in Egypt too. We have made many advancements. We are citizens in our country with full civic rights. When this was granted to European Jews, many felt it was so miraculous that they considered the exile to be over.

Moses Mendelssohn, the founder of the Jewish Enlightenment, proposed that the social and moral progress encapsulated by Jewish emancipation would bring about a new society. A utopia of tolerance and conclusion based on the values Judaism had imparted to humanity. What would such a place be called? Jerusalem. 

He titled his book as such, anticipating that, when we reached such an age, Berlin would be Zion.

For all our greatest aspirations, Europe has not become the Promised Land. Not yet. Nor is Israel. Not yet. 

If we limit ourselves to imagining emancipation as a geographical phenomenon, we will keep chasing after new countries, hoping they will be our final destination, only to find that, in every location, we remain in exile.

That is because exile is not simply a place. It is a state of being isolated from the true and complete justice of God. 

That promised land is yet to be found.

As long as there is progress to be made, we will keep journeying.

As long as there are slopes to freedom, we will continue to climb that mountain. 

Until the day when we are all free, every year, we will pray that, next year, we will live in a world redeemed. 

Now, we are still leaving Egypt.

Next year in Jerusalem.